Change Is Slow: Acquisition of Disability-Accessible Medical Diagnostic Equipment in Primary Care Offices over Time.

Introduction: The lack of disability-accessible medical diagnostic equipment (MDE) in primary care impedes the receipt of quality medical care by people with mobility impairments. Cross-sectional surveys and observational studies have found <40% of medical offices have disability-accessible examination tables or weight scales. Although government agencies and advocates recommend primary care acquisition of the accessible MDE, the rate of acquisition is unknown. Methods: Using panel data, the research examined if primary care offices audited for disability accessibility increased accessible examination table and scale presence between the first and second audit. Data for 2006-2009 (Time 1 [T1]) and 2013-2016 (Time 2 [T2]) came from 1293 primary care practices associated with Medicaid managed care organizations. Permutations of presence or absence of a height-adjustable examination table and accessible weight scale were analyzed to assess rate of change across time periods. Results: More practices had disability-accessible examination tables or weight scales at the second observation, although total presence was low (12.9%, 7.9%). Practices added equipment between time periods; however, ∼60% of practices with accessible MDE at T1 no longer had it available at T2. Discussion: The acquisition rate of accessible MDE was low, despite prior auditing. Studying change in accessible MDE presence in primary care offices requires attention to equipment acquisition and its retention. Health Equity Implications: Stronger federal enforcement of Medicaid and Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) access requirements, with regular standardized auditing of medical office accessibility, may be required to produce a more equitable health care experience for disabled people.

Early adverse childhood experiences and preschoolers' attentional regulation: A latent class analysis.

BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) profoundly disrupt preschoolers' attentional regulation development. Different patterns of ACEs may be associated with different attentional regulation outcomes. OBJECTIVE: Drawing from developmental systems theory and attachment theory, this study aimed to identify distinct patterns of early ACEs at age three and examined the associations of these patterns with preschoolers' attentional regulation at age five. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: This study used the two waves of longitudinal data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 4457). METHODS: First, this study applied latent class analysis (LCA) across nine indicators of ACEs at age three. Second, class membership was examined for associations with preschoolers' attentional regulation at age five. RESULTS: LCA identified four latent classes of ACEs: separation (41.2 %), parental incarceration (33 %), family dysfunction (20.8 %), and child abuse (5 %). Children in the child abuse class exhibited lower levels of attentional regulation than those in the family dysfunction class (0.33 standard deviation difference, p < .01) or separation class (0.48 standard deviation difference, p < .001). Children in the parental incarceration class demonstrated lower levels of attentional regulation than those in the separation class (0.63 standard deviation difference, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide implications for the need to prevent early child abuse and incorporate trauma-informed intervention programs to support preschoolers' attentional regulation during school-entry age.

Family Environment and Community Context for Longitudinal Cigarette Smoking Trajectories Among Chinese Young People.

Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death, and China accounts for about 30% of worldwide smokers and 40% of global tobacco consumption. This study examines socioeconomic and community disparities in smoking among young Chinese people from 2010 to 2016. Data were from 953 people aged 16 to 25 in four waves of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Two-level logistic regressions were fitted to account for both inter-individual and intra-individual differences over time. Weight-adjusted multilevel regression results showed a decrease in cigarette smoking among rural young people (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = [0.52, 0.98]) from 2010 to 2016. Higher family income was related to higher odds of cigarette smoking among young people (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = [1.10, 2.80]). Cigarette smoking among young people in families with higher incomes increased over time. Policies and interventions targeting the young should consider the socioeconomic disparities and multilevel context.

Time-varying associations between parental closeness, self-esteem, and sexual behavior across adolescence and emerging adulthood.

This study applied the time-varying effect model (TVEM) to data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to explore how self-esteem mediated age-varying associations of closeness to mother and father and their child's sexual behavior through adolescence and emerging adulthood. Paternal closeness is associated with lesser odds of sexual behaviors for both female and male adolescents until age 20, whereas maternal closeness only predicts for female adolescents between ages 13 and 15. Self-esteem mediated the association between mother closeness and multiple partners in male adolescents between ages 14.5 and 16.5. Fathers have an impact on adolescent sexual behavior across adolescence and emerging adulthood, while mothers' roles are more important for female adolescents in early adolescence.

A Scoping Review on Adverse Childhood Experiences Studies Using Latent Class Analysis: Strengths and Challenges.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) studies reveal the profound impacts of experiencing trauma and hardships in childhood. However, the cumulative risk approach of treating ACEs obscures the heterogeneity of ACEs and their consequences, making actionable interventions impossible. latent class analysis (LCA) has increasingly been used to address these concerns by identifying underlying subgroups of people who experience distinctive patterns of co-occurring ACEs. Though LCA has its strengths, the existing research produces few comparable findings because LCA results are dependent on ACEs measures and indicators, which vary widely by study. Therefore, a scoping review of ACEs studies using LCA that focuses on ACEs measures, indicators, and findings is needed to inform the field. Following Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage scoping review methodological framework, we first identified 211 articles from databases of EBSCOhost, PubMed, and Scopus using "adverse childhood experiences" for title search and "latent class analysis" for abstract search. Based on the inclusion criteria of peer-reviewed articles written in English published from 2012 to 2022 and the exclusion criteria of nonempirical studies and the LCA not analyzing ACEs, we finally selected 58 articles in this scoping review. Results showed LCA has been increasingly endorsed in the ACEs research community to examine the associations between ACEs and human health and well-being across culturally diverse populations. LCA overcame the limitations of the traditional methods by revealing specific ACEs clusters that exert potent effects on certain outcomes. However, the arbitrary nature of selecting ACEs indicators, measures, and the limited use of theory impedes the field from moving forward.

1,2,4-Triazole benzamide derivative TPB against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici as a novel dual-target fungicide inhibiting ergosterol synthesis and adenine nucleotide transferase function.

BACKGROUND: Isopropyl 4-(2-chloro-6-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzamido)benzoate (TPB) was a 1,2,4-triazole benzoyl arylamine derivative with excellent antifungal activity, especially against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt). Its mechanism of action was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation, assays of sterol composition, cell membrane permeability, intracellular ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential, and mPTP permeability, ROS measurement, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. RESULTS: TPB interfered with ergosterol synthesis, reducing ergosterol content, increasing toxic intermediates, and finally causing biomembrane disruption such as increasing cell membrane permeability and content leakage, and destruction of organelle membranes such as coarse endoplasmic reticulum and vacuole. Moreover, TPB destroyed the function of adenine nucleotide transferase (ANT), leading to ATP transport obstruction in mitochondria, inhibiting mPTP opening, inducing intracellular ROS accumulation and mitochondrial membrane potential loss, finally resulting in mitochondrial damage including mitochondria swelled, mitochondrial membrane dissolved, and cristae destroyed and reduced. RNA-seq analyses showed that TPB increased the expression of ERG11, ERG24, ERG6, ERG5, ERG3 and ERG2 genes in ergosterol synthesis pathway, interfered with the expression of genes (NDUFS5, ATPeV0E, NCA2 and Pam17) related to mitochondrial structure, and inhibited the expression of genes (WrbA and GST) related to anti-oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS: TPB exhibited excellent antifungal activity against Ggt by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis and destroying ANT function. So, TPB was a novel compound with dual-target mechanism of action and can be considered a promising novel fungicide for the control of wheat Take-all. The results provided new guides for the structural design of active compounds and powerful tools for pathogen resistance management. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Unpacking the Impact of Early Adverse Childhood Experiences on Early Onset of Sexual Intercourse Among an Urban Birth Cohort of Early Adolescents.

PURPOSE: Early adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) predict early onset of sexual intercourse. However, patterns of ACEs identified using latent class analysis (LCA) and their links to early sexual intercourse have been less examined. In this study, we apply LCA to identify ACEs profiles at age five and to examine whether these profiles differentially predict adolescents' sexual initiation. METHODS: We analyzed data obtained from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study for 3,185 participants (male = 1,638; female = 1,547). This included parental/caregivers' reports of 10 types of ACEs when participants were on average at age five and youth self-report data on sexual intercourse before or at age 15. We used LCA to classify the participants into subgroups and multinomial logistic regressions to examine differences in early sexual initiation among the ACEs subgroups. RESULTS: LCA showed evidence of four classes for both genders: low adversity (51.8%), socioeconomic adversity (32.0%), family dysfunction (12.0%), and abuse (4.2%). We found class membership differences in early sexual intercourse in all three adversity classes compared to the low adversity group. Pairwise comparison tests further revealed that adolescents in the family dysfunction class had lesser odds of engaging in early sexual intercourse than their counterparts in the socioeconomic adversity and abuse classes. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that LCA could help identify meaningful and distinctive child adversity patterns while accounting for the co-occurrence of ACEs. This is particularly helpful in evaluating who might be at greatest health risk which can further inform more effective and targeted interventions.

High-quality chromosome-level scaffolds of the plant bug Pachypeltis micranthus provide insights into the availability of Mikania micrantha control.

BACKGROUND: The plant bug, Pachypeltis micranthus Mu et Liu (Hemiptera: Miridae), is an effective potential biological control agent for Mikania micrantha H.B.K. (Asteraceae; one of the most notorious invasive weeds worldwide). However, limited knowledge about this species hindered its practical application and research. Accordingly, sequencing the genome of this mirid bug holds great significance in controlling M. micrantha. RESULTS: Here, 712.72 Mb high-quality chromosome-level scaffolds of P. micranthus were generated, of which 707.51 Mb (99.27%) of assembled sequences were anchored onto 15 chromosome-level scaffolds with contig N50 of 16.84 Mb. The P. micranthus genome had the highest GC content (42.43%) and the second highest proportion of repetitive sequences (375.82 Mb, 52.73%) than the three other mirid bugs (i.e., Apolygus lucorum, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, and Nesidiocoris tenuis). Phylogenetic analysis showed that P. micranthus clustered with other mirid bugs and diverged from the common ancestor approximately 200 million years ago. Gene family expansion and/or contraction were analyzed, and significantly expanded gene families associated with P. micranthus feeding and adaptation to M. micrantha were manually identified. Compared with the whole body, transcriptome analysis of the salivary gland revealed that most of the upregulated genes were significantly associated with metabolism pathways and peptidase activity, particularly among cysteine peptidase, serine peptidase, and polygalacturonase; this could be one of the reasons for precisely and highly efficient feeding by the oligophagous bug P. micranthus on M. micrantha. CONCLUSION: Collectively, this work provides a crucial chromosome-level scaffolds resource to study the evolutionary adaptation between mirid bug and their host. It is also helpful in searching for novel environment-friendly biological strategies to control M. micrantha.

Longitudinal Patterns of Multidimensional Violence Exposure and Adolescent Early Sexual Initiation.

Early sexual intercourse is associated with sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy, and depressive symptoms, and delay of intercourse allows adolescents opportunities to practice relationship skills (Coker et al., 1994; Harden, 2012; Kugler et al., 2017; Spriggs & Halpern, 2008). Thus, understanding predictors of early sexual intercourse is crucial. Prior research has suggested that violence exposure is associated with early initiation of sexual intercourse in adolescence (Abajobir et al., 2018; Orihuela et al., 2020). However, most studies have looked only at a single type of violence exposure. In addition, little research has examined longitudinal patterns of violence exposure in order to determine whether there are particular periods when the violence exposure may have the strongest impact on sexual behavior. Guided by life history and cumulative disadvantage theories, we use longitudinal latent class analysis and data from the Future of Families and Child Well-being Study (N = 3,396; 51.1% female, 48.9% male) to examine how longitudinal patterns of multiple types of violence exposures across ages 3 to 15 are associated with early sexual initiation in adolescence. Findings suggest that experiencing persistent physical and emotional abuse across childhood was associated with the greatest prevalence of early sexual initiation. Early exposure to violence was not consistently associated with greater likelihood of sexual initiation; instead, early abuse was more strongly associated with sexual initiation for boys, while late childhood abuse was more strongly associated for girls. These findings suggest that gender-sensitive programs are highly needed to address unique risk factors for boys' and girls' sexual behaviors.

Accessible medical diagnostic equipment in primary care: Assessing its geographic distribution for disability equity.

BACKGROUND: Height adjustable examination tables, accessible weight scales, and lifts for transferring individuals on/off examination equipment enable delivery of equitable health care to persons with mobility impairment. Because most Medicaid-covered patients must utilize a managed care network, network providers with accessible medical diagnostic equipment (MDE) at proximate locations for travel time and distance are necessary. Network density and distribution of accessible MDE has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: This descriptive research examined geographic network adequacy by comparing the density of persons with mobility impairments and location of Medicaid managed care practices with accessible MDE in Los Angeles County. METHODS: Medicaid managed care practices with MDE were mapped by ZIP Codes shaded to indicate the number of persons with mobility impairment. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression examined ZIP Code population characteristics as potential predictors of accessible MDE presence. Data sources were: (1) 2013-2016 primary care facility audit of Medicaid managed care network providers in LA County, aggregated by ZIP Code, and (2) LA County ZIP Code characteristics from the 2016 American Community Survey. ArcGIS was used for mapping and MPlus for the regression analysis. RESULTS: No consistent association between the size of the mobility limited population, demographic characteristics, and presence of accessible MDE was observed or measured by regression. The observed low MDE density suggests network adequacy likely is not achieved in LA County. CONCLUSIONS: Actions by state and federal agencies are necessary to increase accessible MDE and network adequacy by enforcing existing non-discrimination law and Medicaid regulations.

A developmental cascade model of adolescent peer relationships, substance use, and psychopathological symptoms from child maltreatment.

INTRODUCTION: Although previous studies have demonstrated high intercorrelations among deviant peer affiliation, substance use, externalizing and internalizing symptoms in adolescence, these studies have been limited because they did not examine 1) the associations over time by assuming one particular sequence; and 2) child maltreatment effects. METHODS: This study included 617 adolescents (54.3 % girls, 55.6 % Black) at-risk of maltreatment living in the U.S and primarily low-income. Deviant peer affiliation was assessed at ages 12, 14, and 16 using 13 items from the modified version of the Youth Risk Behavior and Monitoring the Future Survey. Externalizing and internalizing symptoms were measured at ages 12, 14, and 16 using the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of substances used (ages 12, 14, 16, and 18) were created by summing the self-reported alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use. Each type of maltreatment (birth to age 12) was assessed using the self-report. RESULTS: Autoregressive cross-lagged structural equation modeling explained the stability effects within each domain, as well as how different maltreatment types affect diverse developmental processes. Cross-lagged results showed the socialization effects of peers on substance use, whereas the peer selection effects on externalizing symptoms. Physical abuse was only associated with externalizing symptoms, while sexual abuse was associated with both externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Additionally, emotional abuse was associated with deviant peer affiliation and substance use. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying the underlying reciprocal processes offers a deeper understanding of peer relationships in the substance use and externalizing symptoms among at-risk of maltreatment sample.

Harsh parenting among veterans: parents' military-related PTSD, mentalization, and pre-military trauma.

Objectives: Veteran parents experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may resort to harsh parenting. The indirect pathway from parental military-related PTSD to harsh parenting, and the moderating role of parents' pre-military trauma histories, has been less explored. Informed by mentalization theory, as well as trauma-sensitive and posttraumatic growth perspectives, we aim to explore the associations between veteran parents' military-related PTSD, mentalization, harsh parenting, and prior trauma before military service. Methods: Data were collected from an online research panel of 509 veteran parents with children under 10. We employed Structural Equation Models to test indirect and moderating effects. Results: We identified an indirect effect of parental pre-mentalization from military PTSD to harsh parenting [corporal punishment: b = 0.35, p < 0.001, 95% CI (0.23, 0.46); psychological aggression: b = 0.14, p < 0.001, 95% CI (0.09, 0.19)]. Multi-group analysis on four parent groups (parents with only pre-military physical trauma, parents with only pre-military psychological trauma, parents with both pre-military physical and psychological trauma, and parents with no pre-military physical or psychological trauma) highlighted differences in these associations, particularly between parents with only pre-military physical trauma and those without any physical and psychological trauma. The military-related PTSD effects on psychological aggression, corporal punishment, and pre-mentalization were all significantly higher for parents without pre-military physical and psychological trauma. Conclusion: Modifying parents' interpretation of their child's mental states can potentially counteract the effects of veterans' military PTSD on harsh parenting. Family-based programs should be created considering veteran parents' pre-military trauma histories.

Adverse childhood experiences and child behavioral health trajectory from early childhood to adolescence: A latent class analysis.

BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) profoundly influence child development. Different patterns of ACEs among boys and girls may be associated with different developmental trajectories. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify patterns of ACEs at age three and tested the associations of these patterns with child behavioral health problems from age three to age fifteen. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: This study used data (N = 4898) from the Fragile Families Child Wellbeing Study. METHODS: First, this study conducted latent class analysis (LCA) across ten indicators of ACEs at age 3. LCA was conducted separately for boys and girls. Second, class membership was tested for associations with child internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors (ages three, five, nine, and fifteen years). RESULTS: LCA identified five classes of ACEs for girls: low ACEs, parental separation, financial difficulty, chaotic home, and child maltreatment. LCA for boys, however, identified a six-class solution, in which there was a physical abuse-only class, while also a sixth high ACEs class that included both physical and emotional abuse. Classes with the most ACEs often had the highest symptomology (internalizing symptoms ranging from 0.24 to 0.56; externalizing ranging from 0.36 to 1.00; ps < .05). However, differences in behavioral health were detected depending on the patterns of ACES. At ages nine and fifteen, the financial difficulty group also had high symptomatology (internalizing symptoms ranging from 0.23 to 0.43; externalizing from 0.23 to 0.46; ps < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Findings provide implications including the need to examine ACEs heterogeneity and address financial difficulty as a substantial ACE.

Childhood adversity and cognitive impairment in later life.

Objectives: This study examined the association between childhood adversity and cognitive impairment in later life and explored the potential moderation effect of gender and race. Methods: The study sample included 15,133 participants of the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2016 surveys) who had complete data on key study measures and were more than 50. The outcome variable is a dichotomous indicator of cognitive impairment as assessed by the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status for self-respondents and the 16-item Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly for proxies. A total of six childhood adversity indicators included grade retention, parental substance abuse, physical abuse, trouble with the police, moving due to financial hardship, and receipt of help due to financial hardship in early life. The estimation of the association between childhood adversity and cognitive impairment involved Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Grade retention had the largest effect on incident cognitive impairment (HR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.23-1.38, p < 0.001), followed by physical abuse by a parent (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.00-1.20, p = 0.001). The impact of grade retention was more detrimental to women than men (interaction term HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80-1.00, p = 0.048, female as the reference). Parental substance abuse was associated with a lower risk of incident cognitive impairment for most racial groups (HR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.83-0.95, p = 0.001), but this association was reversed in "non-Hispanic other" race, consisting mainly of Asians (HR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.05-2.26, p = 0.025). Discussion: Some aspects of childhood adversity continue to harm cognitive functioning in later life, while some events may have the opposite effect, with evidence of heterogeneity across gender and race.

Does urinary metabolite signature act as a biomarker of post-stroke depression?

Background: It is difficult to conduct the precise diagnosis of post-stroke depression (PSD) in clinical practice due to the complex psychopathology of depressive disorder. Several studies showed that gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-identified urinary metabolite biomarkers could significantly discriminate PSD from stroke survivors. Methods: A systematic review was performed for the keywords of "urinary metabolite" and "PSD" using Medline, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Wanfang, CNKI, CBM, and VIP database from inception to 31 March 2022. Results: Four related studies were included in the review. Differential urinary metabolites including lactic acid, palmitic acid, azelaic acid, and tyrosine were identified in all the included studies. As a significant deviation in the metabolite biomarker panel, glyceric acid, azelaic acid, phenylalanine, palmitic acid, pseudouridine, and tyrosine were found in at least 2 included studies, which indicated good potential for the differentiation of PSD. Conclusion: The systematic review provided evidence that differential urinary metabolites analyzed by the GC-MS-based approach might be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of PSD.

Structure-Activity Studies of N-Heterocyclic Benzoyl Arylamine Derivatives Led to a Highly Fungicidal Candidate against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and Four Fusarium Wheat Pathogens.

Wheat root diseases can seriously reduce yields and quality of wheat. 1,2,4-Triazole benzoyl arylamine derivatives previously showed good activities against some wheat root fungal pathogens. To further systematically disclose the structure-activity relationship, a series of benzoyl arylamines were designed and prepared. Their structures were characterized and fungicidal activities against Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and Fusarium graminearum were evaluated. The results indicated that the structure of the N-heterocyclic group and the substituted group and their position on the benzamide scaffold had an important influence on the activities, as predicted. Finally, compound 18f was found to show excellent activities against G. graminis var. tritici, F. graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium pseudograminearum, and Fusarium moniliforme with half-maximum effective concentrations of 0.002, 0.093, 0.011, 0.881, and 0.287 µg/mL, respectively. These results proposed that compound 18f deserved serious consideration as a novel fungicide candidate for the control of wheat root diseases.

How Do Fathers Help? A Moderation Analysis of the Association between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Child Behavioral Health in Fragile Families.

Existing research has built concrete links between trauma exposure and lifelong behavioral health outcomes. However, the ways by which father engagement buffers the detrimental effects of trauma on early childhood behavioral health remains unexplored. Using the data of 3001 mothers from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study, we conducted a moderation analysis to examine the associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), child behavioral health, father engagement, and maternal education. We found that ACEs at child age three were positively associated with child externalizing and internalizing behaviors at child age five. Father engagement at child age one buffered the harmful effects of ACEs on child externalizing behaviors, but this effect was only significant for children living with mothers with an education level lower than high school. Child psychiatrists should view father engagement as a critical factor in fostering child resilience, particularly for children living in families with limited resources.

Intergenerational effects of childhood maltreatment: The roles of parents' emotion regulation and mentalization.

BACKGROUND: Children living with parents who have childhood maltreatment histories tend to develop compromised behavioral health outcomes, suggesting the intergenerational effects of child maltreatment. OBJECTIVE: Driven by attachment theory, this study aims to identify the pathways from parents' childhood maltreatment to their child's behavioral problems and functioning. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The sample of parent participants (N = 202) was recruited from an online data collection platform - Amazon Mechanical Turk. METHODS: Structural equation modeling with the estimator of maximum likelihood was used to examine the intergenerational effects of child maltreatment. RESULTS: This study identified two important mediators, i.e., parents' emotion regulation and parental mentalization. Parental childhood maltreatment had a positive association with parents' difficulties in emotion regulation (ß = 0.45, p < 0.001), which in turn was positively associated with parental prementalizing mode (ß = 0.47, p < 0.001). Parental prementalizing mode was then positively associated with child behavioral problems (ß = 0.32, p < 0.001). The second significant path was from parental childhood maltreatment to their child functioning, which was mediated directly through parents' difficulties in emotion regulation (ß = - 0.26, p < 0.05) without any sequential mediation through parental mentalization. CONCLUSION: This study advances our existing understanding of the complexities of child maltreatment and informs an intergenerational approach in terms of screening and intervention, so professionals can effectively work for families to alleviate the enduring negative effects of child maltreatment, to reduce prohibitive social expenditures of mental health services, and to promote social justice.

Profiles of Resilience among Children Exposed to Non-Maltreatment Adverse Childhood Experiences.

Considering the high prevalence and negative consequences of non-maltreatment adverse childhood experiences (NM-ACEs), it is critical to understand their impacts on the resilient functioning of young children. This study sought to examine heterogeneity in resilience among first-grade children who were exposed to NM-ACEs during kindergarten and explore demographic and adversity characteristics that distinguish between resilience profiles. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted on 4929 children drawn from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten (ECLS-K). The results of the LPA revealed four distinct resilience profiles: (1) low cognitive and executive functioning (4%); (2) low social and behavioral functioning (14%); (3) low average functioning (31%); and (4) multi-domain resilience (51%). Female children and those in families characterized by older maternal age, higher parental education level, household income above 200% federal poverty level, not receiving welfare benefits, and races other than Black were more likely to be in the multi-domain resilience profile. The findings highlight heterogeneity in resilience among children exposed to NM-ACEs and point to the need for a comprehensive, multi-domain assessment of child functioning to support optimal resilience development in this population.